If global warming is a man-made disaster why have governments around the world failed to do very much about it?

If realness-wide melt is a man- do disaster why see governments rough the world failed to do very much about it?One of the most important phenomena affecting nations in the 21st century is spheric warming. spherical warming is defined generally as the progressive rise in average global temperatures caused by increased emissions of greenhouse gases, and is often referred to as the effect on the climate of human activities1. Though there have always been natural cycles of changing climate, global warming is considered to be man-made due to increased hot of fossil fuels and large-scale deforestation, which have led to a large increment in carbon dioxide emissions, coinciding with steadily rising temperatures2. Although efforts have been made to down the personal effects of global warming, governments around the world have failed to effectively tackle the issue. There atomic number 18 several reasons for this failure, including the problem of governing the commons, effects on t he economy, as well as the difficulty in achieving global cooperation over the issue. This essay aims to discuss and analyse the main reasons why governments have failed to succeederfully reduce global warming. One of the most fundamental reasons why very little has been achieved by governments in the effort to combat global warming lies with the difficulty of governing the commons. When a resource is not under jurisdiction of a single sovereign say, it is considered to be part of the commons, implying unrestricted access to anyone3. This means that no individual state has reason to preserve the resource, but rather to recognise as much of it for themselves as possible, usually leading to over exploitation4. The other issue with the commons is that they ar often used as sinks for degraded waste products5. It is generally possible to solve this issue by allocating the commons into private ownership, thus creating incentives to preserve and get along them. However, this solution is not viable for the atmosphere because it is impossible to enclose, thus difficult to divide between states. As with any other resource that wants ownership, the atmosphere becomes sheath to the tragedy of the commons, but without the simple solution of private ownership. Therefore, it is difficult to negotiate an agreement over emission limits because states gain juicyer individual benefit than individual costs from increasing production, as the total cost of pollution is shared6. However, with the spread of globalization, it is feasible that an increased awareness of a shared global space pot increase states self-interest in protecting the environment.However, globalisation can in some ways be considered to be a reason for the limited advantage in curbing global warming. The relationship between the process of globalisation and the problem of environmental degradation is fairly complex, as though globalisation whitethorn raise the importance of protecting the commons, it m ay actually heighten the problem. worldwideisation has lead to the spread of industry around the world, resulting in rising levels of production and consumption, which in turn leads to increased emissions7. The demand for open borders and free trade makes it to a greater extent difficult for governments to enforce environmental regulations as firms are more able to shelve them by moving to areas in which regulations do not exist or are lower8. The more difficult or complicated the regulation process is, the more unlikely governments are to succeed in moody emissions. This has led to the argument that inter subject area trade is incompatible with environmental protection, as increased trade and globalisation lead to hike up industrialisation, production and consumption, thus increasing global emissions, limiting governments ability to stop global warming. Governments may also have failed in successfully accounting for externalities of pollution (environmental and social damage) as pollution taxes and regulations have not been at a socially efficient level, thus leading to inefficiently high emissions9. However, many people argue that globalisation actually increases the efficiency of production, as long as markets take into account these externalities10. The spread of wealth and knowledge to naked regions brought about by globalisation can also be argued to improve local environments due the facilitation of global awareness.Therefore, possibly a more viable history for the failure of governments in regulating global warming emerges from the potential economical costs of reducing production and consumption. It may not be in the national interests of states to reduce emissions, as this would involve limiting production by regulating emissions. Furthermore, reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases would involve regulation of energy, transport, agriculture, and industry, which are fundamental to modern economies11. Therefore, governments are reluctant to ban greenhouse gas emissions or to call for severe cuts as this could potentially have devastating effects on their economies, thus lowering living standards. Moreover, the cost of developing new technology and renewable energies to replace current production methods is vast, even though there are potential economic benefits from investing in alternative energy technologies12. Governments may therefore forego sustainability at the expense of economic growth. However, probably the most important reason why governments have not succeeded in significantly reducing global warming is the difficulty in achieving global cooperation on the issue. Although the tragedy of the commons, globalisation and economic effects play a large role in the past failure in the reduction of global warming, most of these problems ultimately stem down to the lack of cooperation between states in dealing with the issue. Global warming is an issue that transcends national boundaries, involves irreversible damag e to the environment, and affects all states, thus requiring transnational cooperation13. Many attempts have been made at reaching cooperation in the past, through numerous summits and meetings, and the creation of treaties and global institutions, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Environment Program14. These attempts have had limited success in bringing the issue of global warming onto the global agenda. For example, the issue of governing global commons has been approached by creating a framework of mutually satisfactory standards of behaviour, and the issue of economic costs for states has been tackled by setting global emission targets (Kyoto Protocol for example). However, regardless of these attempts, it has been impossible to forge global cooperation for several reasons. Firstly, international environmental meetings often serve many other political objectives, thus making it less likely that states will reach an understanding15. In conjunction, states may ha ve strange national interests over political issues, the economy, trade policies, as well as the environment, making it difficult to forge a deal that adheres to each states needs. In addition, since international cooperation involves transboundary regulation, some have made claims that environmental action and new forms of global governance may be a threat to state sovereignty, thus encourage complicating cooperation16. Furthermore, it is important to consider the role of hegemons, especially the United States, in forging international cooperation. In recent years, the US has rejected many global efforts in environmental policymaking, withdrawing from the Kyoto Protocol, challenging the need for new treaties and questioning the precautionary principle in environmental protection17. If the US fails to act on global warming by accepting emission limits or by taking environmental leadership, other nations will find it difficult to do so while still stay economically competitive. Th erefore, there are many reasons explaining why governments have failed to do so little about global warming, largely arising from the difficulty in global environmental cooperation. In my opinion, although governments around the world have failed to fully prevent the negative effects of global warming, there have been many achievements that have brought the world closer to successfully understanding how to do so. In many cases, environmental problems can be managed through cooperation in global institutions and treaties18. Despite USAs failure to confirm Kyoto, there is significant proof that emissions targets do work in slowing down global warming19. Furthermore, solutions such as tradable permits and carbon taxes have gone a long way in finding a market based solution to the problem of greenhouse gas emissions20. International action could be further encouraged by the acknowledgement of global warming as a national security risk, as environmental degradation leads to both interna l and external conflicts by potentially deepening poverty cycles and leading to mass migration away from degraded areas21. By accentuating the security risks associated with global warming, governments may be more given over to act, as security issues are crucial to governing a state.Even though global warming is acknowledged as a man-made disaster, governments have failed to fully stop its effects. This can be attributed to the difficulty in governing the global commons, the spread of globalisation and the potential effects on the economy of edged emissions, as well as the difficulty in reaching global cooperation in environmental policy. Governments still face the task of finding a socially optimal level of regulation, the difficulty of ensuring emission standards are met once a treaty has been signed22, as well as managing the connections between climate change, security, and globalisation. However, if powerful nations take the lead in promoting environmental norms, and if stat es adopt a precautionary principle on global warming, international cooperation can potentially succeed in providing governance regimes for important global commons.Word count 1500BibliographyBaylis, J. Smith, S. and Owens, P. (eds), The Globalization of World politics An Introduction to International Relations, 4th Edition (Oxford Oxford University Press).Steans, J. and Pettiford, L. (2005), International Relations Perspectives and Themes, 2nd Edition, (Harlow Pearson Education).Krugman, P. Wells, R. Graddy, K. (2008), economic science European Edition, (Worth Publishers).Cline, W. 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