Sustainable agriculture Essay Example for Free

Sustainable agriculture Essay Specific purpose: Organic food advocates claim that organically grown foods are safer and more nutritious than foods raised with non-organic methods such as pesticide and non-organic fertilizer use, or antibiotic and hormone use. Thesis statement: Many people just dont trust these chemicals and dont want to put them into their bodies. Since virtually all non-organically produced foods contain residues of pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals, the only way to avoid them is to buy organic foods. Introduction Organic foods are grown without using most conventional pesticides and fertilizers. A product that is identified as being organic is not produced by genetic engineering. Ionizing radiation and sewage sludge cannot be used in organic production or handling. Organic farming practices include soil and water conservation measures. Crop rotation, manure, and compost are used to improve the soil in place of using conventional fertilizers. Instead of using commercial insecticides or herbicides, organic farmers might use companion planting to discourage insects and mulch and hand weeding to control weeds. To be certified as organic, food products need to come from farms and processing plants that are certified as organic. This means that they are inspected by certified government officials to ensure that organic farms are up to USDA organic standards. The USDA is responsible for the organic labeling program and allows one of three possible labels: Products labeled â€Å"100 percent organic† must contain only organically produced ingredients. Products labeled â€Å"organic† must have at least 95 percent of their ingredients organically produced. Products labeled â€Å"made with organic ingredients† must contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients. Products that contain less than 70 percent organic ingredients can list individual ingredients as organic but cannot say that the product is organic. Need Not cheaper: Expect to pay more for organic food, since it requires more labor to bring to market. Not local: Organic produce can come from miles away, and may require lots of energy to transport. Not clean: You should still wash organic produce to remove dirt and bacteria, and take all normal food-handling precautions when preparing organic meats and other foods. Satisfaction Organics Are Good for Your Babys Body A variety of wholesome, nutritious foods is what your baby needs to develop in both body and mind. Chemicals, in the form of added artificial flavorings, dyes, pesticide and herbicide residues, and hydrogenated fats, do nothing to promote good health, and can even detract from it. Organically grown and produced food is free of these chemicals, leaving only the good taste and nutrition that nature intended. Babies and children who are fed an organic diet are not overexposed to antibiotic residue in their food, either. Animals are healthier when farmed organically, because they have adequate access to fresh air, appropriate diet, and outdoor space. Therefore, the need for antibiotic overuse is eliminated. (According to USDA rules, organic meat must be antibiotic-free. ) Organics Are Better for the Planet Taking care of the world that your baby will inherit is also good parenting. Organic farming is based on keeping the soil healthy through natural means like rotating crops, letting fields lie fallow, and using natural fertilizing methods rather than spraying on toxic pesticides and herbicides that can run off into water supplies and contaminate the soil. Visualization Action How to Create a Healthy Organic Table As with most everything, in feeding your family variety is the spice of life. Serving seasonal produce in a variety of colors with a wide range of whole grains and protein sources ensures that your family receives the full spectrum of nutrients that bodies need to function at their best. These recommendations Eating a variety of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in a variety of colors Eating a variety of whole-grain products Consuming low-fat or fat-free dairy products or equivalent milk products Limiting added sugar, salt, and saturated fat, and avoiding trans fats Work cited National Organic Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Organic Foods Standards and Labels: The Facts Updated: January 2007. Magkos F, Arvaniti F, Zampelas A. Organic food: buying more safety or just peace of mind? A critical review of the literature. 1: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46(1):23-56. Colborn, T. A Case for Revisiting the Safety of Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 January; 114(1):10-17. Magkos F, Arvaniti F, Zampelas A. Organic food: nutritious food or food for thought? A review of the evidence. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003 Sep;54(5):357-71. Kopke U. Organic foods: do they have a role? Forum Nutr. 2005;(57):62-72.

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay In this chapter, a full unit of heat exchanger will be designed including its chemical and mechanical design. A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer between two fluids from one medium to another. The medium may be separated by a solid wall, so that the fluids never mix, or the fluids may never be in direct contact. Two fluids of different temperatures will flow through the heat exchanger. Heat exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, and natural gas processing. 3.1.1 Classification of Heat Exchanger Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. There are two main flow arrangements which are parallel-flow and counter-current-flow. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. Compared both flow arrangements, the counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat transfer medium. 3.1.2 Types of Heat Exchanger There are many types of heat exchanger in industry. The types chosen based on the function of the heat exchanger itself. Choosing the right heat exchanger requires knowledge of different type of heat exchanger as well as well as the environment in which the heat exchanger will operate. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, the best selection can be made in optimizing the process. Below, in Table 3.1 are list of types and functions of each heat exchanger. Table 3.1: Types and Functions of Heat Exchanger in Industry No. Types Functions 1. Double pipe heat exchanger The simplest type. Use for heating and cooling. 2. Shell and tube heat exchanger Used for all application. 3. Plate exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 4. Plate-fin exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 5. Spiral heat exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 6. Air cooled Cooler and condenser. 7. Direct contact Cooling and quenching. 8. Agitated vessels Use for heating and cooling. 9. Fired heaters Use for heating and cooling. Source: Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott. 3.1.3 Selections of Heat Exchanger Typically in the manufacturing industry, several different types of heat exchangers are used for just the one process or system to derive the final product. In order to select an appropriate heat exchanger, one would firstly consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Although cost is often the first criterion evaluated, there are several other important selection criteria which include: High/ Low pressure limits Thermal Performance Temperature ranges Product Mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-solids liquid) Pressure Drops across the exchanger Fluid flow capacity Clean-ability, maintenance and repair Materials required for construction Ability and ease of future expansion 3.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 3.2.1 Design Criteria for Process Heat Exchangers There are some criteria that a process heat exchanger must satisfy are easily enough stated if we confine ourselves to a certain process. The criteria include: The heat exchanger must meet the process requirements. This means that it must effect the desired change in thermal condition of the process stream within the allowable pressure drops. At the same time, it must continue doing this until the next scheduled shut down for maintenance. The heat exchanger must withstand the service conditions of the environment of the plant which includes the mechanical stresses of installation, startup, shutdown, normal operation, emergencies and maintenance. Besides, the heat exchanger must also resist corrosion by the environment, processes and streams. This is mainly a matter of choosing materials of construction, but mechanical design does have some effect. The heat exchanger must be maintainable, which usually implies choosing a configuration that permits cleaning and replacement. In order to do this, the limitations is the positioning the exchanger and providing clear space around it. Replacement usually involves tubes and other components that may be especially vulnerable to corrosion, erosion, or vibration. The cost of the heat exchanger should be consistent with requirements. Meaning of the cost here implement to the cost of installation. Operation cost and cost of lost production due to exchanger malfunction or unavailable should be considered earlier in the design. The limitations of the heat exchanger. Limitations are on length, diameter, weight and tube specifications due to plant requirements and process flow. 3.2.2 Structure of the Heat Exchanger The basic structure of heat exchanger is the same whether using hand design method or computer design method. The logical structure of the heat exchanger design procedure is shown in Figure 2.15. From the figure, clearer view and steps of designing a heat exchanger can be obtained. Figure 3.1: Basic Logical Structure of Heat Exchanger Design 3.3 CHEMICAL DESIGN 3.3.1 Problem Identification In designing a heat exchanger in production of 100, 000 metric tonnes/year of Acrylonitrile, there is only one heat exchanger exists. The function of it is to exchange the temperature between the stream from Reactor with the temperature from 125 °C to 25 °C and the stream comes from Reboiler 5 from 90 °C to 120 °C. 90.0 0C 125.0 0C 450.0 0C 120.0 0C Figure 3.2: Diagram of shell and tube heat exchanger 3.3.2 Determination of physical properties Table 3.2: Physical Properties of the tube side fluid (water) Properties Inlet Mean Outlet Temperature (0C) 90.0 105 120 Pressure (kPa) 70.139 120.82 198.52 Specific heat (kJ/kg0C) 4.204 4.224 4.249 Thermal conductivity (W/m0C) 0.1154 0.1198 0.1127 Density (kg/m3) 0.431 0.623 0.721 Viscosity (N sm-2) 3.145 x 10-4 2.677 x 10-4 2.321 x 10-4 Table 3.3: Physical Properties of shell fluid ( process fluid) Properties Average Temperature, Tave = 287.5 0C Pressure (kPa) 150 Specific heat (kJ/kg0C) 1.1 Thermal conductivity (W/m0C) 0.1553 Density (kg/m3) 1.255 Viscosity (N sm-2) 4.529 x 10-4 Only the thermal design will be carried out by using Kerns method. Since water is corrosive, so the tube-side is assign. Logarithmic mean temperature, Where, T1 = Inlet shell side fluid temperature T2 = Outlet shell side fluid temperature t1 = Inlet tube side fluid temperature t2 = Outlet tube side fluid temperature Thus, Log mean temperature = 131.4477 0C The true temperature difference is given by, Where, is the temperature correction factor From Figure 12.19, Chemical Engineering Design, Thus, 0C From Table 12.1(Sinnott 2005), we assume value of overall coefficient, U = 500.0 W/m2.oC. Heat Load: Heat transfer area, Where, Q = heat transferred per unit time (W) U = overall heat transfer coefficient,(W/m2.oC) Tm = the mean temperature difference (oC) Thus, = 190.126 m2 3.3.3 Tube-side coefficient Table 3.4: Dimension of Heat-Exchanger tubes Material Carbon Steel Outer diameter, Dto (mm) 50.8 Length of tube Lt (m) 5.0 Inner diameter, Dti (mm) 45.26 BWG number 12.0 Source: Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, C. J. Geankoplis Heat transfer area of a tube, At = Ï€DoL = Ï€ (50.8 x 10-3) 5 = 0.798 m2 Number of tube, Nt = A/At = 190.126 / 0.798 = 238.25 = 239 tubes Cross sectional area of a tube = (Ï€Di2) / 4 = [Ï€ (45.26 x 10-3)2] 4 = 1.6089 x 10-3 m2 By using two passes; Total tube area, AT = (239 / 2) (1.6089 x 10-3) = 0.1923 m2 Mass velocity, Gs = flowrate / A = 29.96 / 0.1923 = 155.798 kg/m2.s Reynolds number, Re = [ Gsdi ] /  µ = [ 155.798 x 0.04526 ] / 4.529 x 10-4 = 1.557 x 10 4 Prandtl number, = [ 3.1731 x 155.798 ] / 0.1553 = 3183.275 Nusselt number, NuD = 0.027 Rea Prb [ µ /  µw]c = 0.027 (1.557 x 10 4)0.8 (3183.275)0.3 x 1 = 685.578 Stanton number, St = NuD / [Re(Pr)] = 685.578 / [1.557 x 10 4 x 3183.275 ] = 1.383 x 10-5 Heat Transfer factor, jh = St Pr0.67 = 1.383 x 10-5 ( 3138.275 )0.67 x 1 = 3.045 x 10-3 Tube-side heat transfer coefficient, hi = 2329.599 W/ m2.0C 3.3.4 Shell side coefficient 1.25 triangular pitch was chosen to calculate the bundle diameter. From table 12.4 (Sinnott 2005), constants value for 2 tube passes condition is K1 = 0.249 and n1 = 2.207 Bundle diameter, Db = Dto (Nt / K1) 1/n1 = 50.8 ( 239 / 0.249)1/2.207 = 1122.575 mm Pull-through floating head type was the best selection. From Figure 12.10 (Sinnott 2005), bundle diameter clearance is 95 mm. Shell diameter, Ds = 1122.575 + 95 = 1217.575 mm For selecting baffle spacing, the optimum spacing chosen is 0.2 times the shell diameters. Baffle spacing, B = 0.2 Ds = 0.2 (1217.575) = 243.515mm Tube pitch pt = 1.25 Do = 1.25 (50.8) = 63.5mm Cross-flow area, = 0.0593 m2 Mass velocity, Gs = Ws / As = 47.7672 / 0.0593 = 805.518 kg/m2.s Equivalent diameter, = 36.07 mm Shell-side heat transfer coefficient, ho Reynolds number, Re = [ Gsdi ] /  µ = [ 805.518 x 36.07 x 10-3 ] / 2.677 x 10-4 = 1.0854 x 10 5 Prandtl number, = [2.677 x 10-4 (2.4923 x 103) ] / 0.1553 = 4.296 Note that 45% baffle cut has been chosen, neglect the viscosity correction term. From Figure 12.29 (Sinnott, 2005), jh = 2.8 x 10-3 = 1640.892 W/m2.0C 3.3.5 Overall Coefficient Table 3.5: Dimensions in overall coefficient Material Carbon steel Thermal conductivity of carbon steel Kw = 45 W/m0C The fouling factor for cooling water hid 5000 W/m2.0C The fouling factor for aqueous salt solutions h0 =3000 W/m2.0C Source: Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott. The relationship between overall coefficient and individual coefficients is given by: UO = 583.359 W/m2.0C Well approximately the initial estimate of 600 W/m2.0C, so design has adequate area for the duty required. 3.3.6 Tube-side Pressure Drop Reynolds number, = 14526.371 From Figure 12.24 of Chemical Engineering. (Vol. 6) Friction factor, jf = 0.045 Tube side pressure drop, Where, m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re2100 Np = number of tube side passes = 23135.87 N/m2 = 2.3135 kPa (Acceptable) 3.3.7 Shell-side Pressure Drop Reynolds number, Re = 1.0854 x 10 5 From the Figure 12.30 (Sinnott 2005), Friction factor, jf = 0.024 Shell side pressure drop, = 64327.95 N/m2 = 64.328 kPa (Acceptable) 3.3.8 Summary of Calculation Type of shell and tube is carbon steel with Kw of 45 W/m.0C. While, specification of inside diameter is 45.27mm, outside diameter is 50.8mm and length of 5m. Table 3.6:Tube-side specification Parameter Results ΔTlm 131.4477 oC R 10.833 S 0.833 FT 0.93 ΔTm 122.246 oC Area, A 190.126 m2 Number of tubes, Nt 239 tubes Water linear velocity, ut 155.798 kg/m2.s Heat transfer coefficient, hi 2329.599 W/m2.0C Pressure drop, ΔPt 2.3135 kPa Table 3.7: Shell-side specification Parameter Results Bundle diameter, Db 1122.575 mm Shell diameter, Ds 1217.575 mm Baffle spacing, lB 243.515mm Shell area, As 0.0593 m2 Mass velocity, Gs 805.518 kg/m2.s Equivalent diameter, de 36.07 mm Shell coefficient, ho 1640.892 W/m2.0C Pressure drop, ΔPs 64.328 kPa Overall coefficients, U 583.359 W/m2.0C 3.4 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER 3.4.1 Design Parameter Table 3.8: Design Parameter Parametre SI Unit English Unit Design temperature, TD 460 OC 860 OF Operating pressure, Po 300 kPa 43.51 psi Internal diameter, Di 1.217 m 47.913 ft Hemispherical length 0.65 m 2.13 ft Shells length 5.0 m 16.40 For this heat exchanger, the design pressure is 43.51 psi and above the atmosphere pressure (15 psi). Based on study, if Po > Patm (Pgage = Pabs Patm), the calculation for this heat exchanger is under internal pressure and the pressure that will used is, Po = Pabs Pgage = 43.51 psi 15 psi = 28.51 psi Calculation of design pressure for each part of heat exchanger by taking 10% safety factor: P1 = PO + PH = 28.51 + 0.433 (2.13) = 29.431 psi x 1.1 = 32.38 psi Because this heat exchanger design is horizontal, so the value P1 = P2 = P3 = 32.38 psi Thickness for each part of vessel: themispherical , t = tcylindrical : Circumferential; t = Longitudinal; t = For cylindrical, the highest thickness value calculated will be chosen. So, from the calculation above the thickness for cylindrical part is 0.0446 inch. Now by adding corrosion allowance, CA of 2 mm (0.07874 in.), themispherical = 0.0223in + 0.07874in = 0.101in tcylindrical = 0.0446in + 0.07874in = 0.12334in The material construction for this heat exchanger is carbon steel due to price and work in many applications. The highest value from these two types of wall thicknesses is 0.12334 inch, so the minimum wall thickness of this heat exchanger is 0.12334 inch (3.133mm). The nominal wall thickness for carbon steel at market is 0.1182 inch (3mm). Because of the nominal wall thickness is lower than the calculated we must take the calculated thickness t = 0.12334 inch (3.133 mm) as value of wall thickness. To calculate the maximum allowable working pressure for each part, MAWPpart , the thickness must subtract the corrosion allowance: t = 0.12334in 0.07874in = 0.0446in MAWPpart (hemispherical): P = MAWPpart (cylindrical): Circumferential; P = Longitudinal; P = The smallest value of pressure will be chosen. So, the internal pressure for cylindrical part is 32.383 psi. By subtracting the hydrostatic pressure, PH for each part, MAWPpart (hemispherical) = 64.812 psi (0.433)(2.13) = 63.889 psi =440.5 kPa MAWPpart (cylindrical) = 32.383 psi (0.433)(16.01) = 25.451 psi =175.478 kPa The smallest value of pressure is taken as MAWPpart which is 25.451psi. This value is the maximum allowable pressure for the whole vessel.

Life of Ludwig van Beethoven Essay -- Ludwig van Beethoven Composers M

Life of Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven, also known as â€Å" The General of Musicians,† was born on December 16, 1770. However, this date is not exact because it is believed that Beethoven’s father lied about his son’s age in order to portray him as an infant prodigy. As a result, Beethoven is convinced he was born on December 16, 1772 at the Rheingasse home, which belonged to the Fischers, who were close friends of the family (Orga 8). Johann van and Maria Magdalena Beethoven bore five children of which three survived. Ludwig van Beethoven was the first child to survive, probably making him the most cherished especially in his father’s eyes. The other two surviving siblings were Casper and Nikolaus. They were said to have played extremely important roles in Beethoven’s life. Johann van said to be a lesser man than his father Ludwig Louis van Beethoven, who was a trained musician and later appointed Kapellmeister. Many believed he could not compare to his dad because he did not have a high-ranking job, instead his income was based on giving piano, singing, and violin lessons to the public (Kerman 354). Johann wanted his first son to be great, especially in the music field, so he pushed him to learn the piano and violin at a very early age. For instance, Beethoven had his first public appearance at the age of eight on March 26, 1778. He performed at a concert with one of his father’s other pupils. His performance consisted of concertos and trios on the keyboard. Beethoven continued to play at concerts, as well as taking music lessons with instructors other than his father. When visiting the Fischer Family one day Johann proclaimed, â€Å"My son Ludwig is my only comfort now in life. He is improving in his music to such an extent that he is admired by everyone. I foresee that in time he will be a great man in the world† (Orga 29). During this time he also attended elementary school in Bonn, but he did not exceed grade school. Beethoven learned all he could by age ten and from then on he lived off his wits and curiosity (Orga 28). In 1779, Beethoven met his first very important teacher at Bonn by the name of Christian Neefe. Neefe automatically saw Beethoven’s talent and had a strong liking to him from the beginning. Moreover, when he took a short leave of absence from Bonn, he appointed Beethoven, at only eleven years o... ... His funeral was held on the 29th of March and about 15,000 guests attended his burial. The surrounding schools were closed that day in respect of the composer. Also, out of respect the choir sang the Miserere in an arrangement from one of his Equali for trombones. Following the singing, about 200 horse carriages accompanied the coffin on its final journey (Orga 8). To conclude, Beethoven was know as â€Å"The General of Musicians,† â€Å"The Young Genius,† and the most admired composer in the history of western music. His musical ability, his passion, and his harsh losses all helped to contribute to his undying success as a great pianist and composer. Even today his works are still studied and listened to around the world. Works Cited Kerman, Joseph. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 Vols. London: MacMillan Pub. Ltd., 1980. 2: 354-60. Grout, Donald Jay. A History of Western Music. 3rd ed. New York: Cornell UP, 1981. Marek, George R. Beethoven: Biography of a Genius. New York: Funk and Wagnall’s Publishing Company, 1969. Orga, Ates. Beethoven: The Illustrated Lives of the Great Composers. London: Omnibus Press, 1983.

Compare handmaids tale and 1984 Essay

In The Handmaid’s Tale Margaret Atwood puts across the sense of mystery, things that were once there but are no more. She talks about ‘the pungent smell of sweat, shot through with the sweet smell of chewing gum and perfume’ which came from the girls who once watched the basketball matches that were ‘formally played there’. In the first section of this book we get the feeling that the character is quite lost, lost in what once was and not in the here and now. She tells us about the dances that ‘would have been held there’ and the lingering music that she could still hear very faintly. We get the feeling that this women has very little, no personal belongings, no wealth; nothing. The fact that the women in this building were not even allowed to exchange names tells the reader that this is some kind of prison, the women have no freedom they are constantly being watched by the ‘Angels’ likewise in Nineteen Eighty-Four written by George Orwell there is a significant similarity between the ‘Angels’ in The Handmaid’s Tale and the Posters in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Angels watch over the women and in Nineteen Eighty-Four the poster which is described as a ‘one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move.’ Watch over everyone who passes by it. Beneath it the caption read ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’ giving off the impression that someone, somewhere is watching this middle aged man. The man described on the poster some might say could only be the description of Hitler; ‘a man of about forty-five, with s heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features’ Winston also tells us that the posters were ‘plastered everywhere’ also revealing, like The Handmaid’s Tale that nowhere is safe. Adding to this is the telescreen, which cannot be switched off again may be a sign that someone or something is always watching you, and that you are never alone. Both the Angels and the Posters in these books are very intimidating figures or ‘objects of fear.’ The Angels did not look or talk to the women just stood with their backs to them to show domination. Correspondingly the ‘enormous face, more than a metre wide’ plastered on the walls with the eyes that followed you when you move is also seen as a sign of domination. The two figures show signs of both aggression and great importance, the fact that the Angles will not talk or look at the women tells us that they are  seen as more significant than them. In addition to this the fact that there are so many of these posters and the fixating look on the enormous face also shows great discomfort and stress.

Catch Me If You Can Essay

In the beginning of the story Frank’s parents decide to get a divorce, resulting in Frank becoming emotionally distraught, he becomes a very lost and confused teenager looking to escape the feelings of sorrow Frank decides to run away for he can not choose which parent t olive with being so Young and innocent to the real World he figures the easiest way to make money is to scandal people and banks for his survival, this talent comes easy to frank. When frank runs away home which is brave itself because is so young, he starts to write checks from a checkbook that his father gave to him, he goes from making bad checks to making them and passing as an airplane pilot for Panamericana airlines, he even stole a beautiful black suitcase to work as a pilot, he always shows complete disregard for the law and believes that he will never get caught. Frank not only attempts this but he successfully does it for a quiet a while, when frank decides he doesn’t want to be an airplane pilot anymore he decides to want to be a doctor. He creates a fake degree and went to a big and famous hospital to ask for a job and there he meets Brenda a girl with nerd appearance and start dating her. One day when they were in the bed frank ask her to marry him and she with a happy faces said yes. Frank and Brenda travels to New Orleans to meet Brenda’s parents. When they were having dinner on beautiful and big house Brenda’s parents can tell that frank is faking everything and admires frank for his bravery and gave him his blessing to marry his daughter. And there is when Brenda’s parents’ offers frank a job at his law firm so frank went to an empty room where he starts to watch movies about laws and start studying to be able to work as a lawyer. Frank life was basically based in faking he beginning faking checks to make them and he also fake a panamericana pilot, a doctor, and a lawyer. He had a fake life and they did not have anyone on his life that was why he always called the police on December. Frank had too much money but he was not happy and he could not enjoy it because he was always trying to scope the police. Finally the movie teaches us that it does not matter to have enough money if we are not going to be able to find the happiness.

Law Enforcement Today

Enforcement Today Name CJS/200 October 28, 2012 Instructor Name Law Enforcement Today Police departments in today’s society face a variety of issues such as working in a multicultural society, corruption within the department, the dangers involved in their work, such as violence on duty, and their use of force when subduing a suspect, just to name a few. (Schmalleger, 2011). With so many issues to consider, the job of policing our streets continues to become increasing challenging. As society in the United States continues to evolve, this country has become home to people of various ethnic backgrounds and cultures.This creates more issues for police departments when the police department is not diverse enough, and this could lead to racial profiling and language issues. When a police officer is unaware with the dialect or the language of the community, this can make it harder to investigate cases because it makes it tough to find out whether the crime has happen, when it happe n and where it happened. If a police officer considers a person’s race to determine if a crime has happened, or more likely to happen, this is what is considered as racial profiling (Schmalleger, 2011).One solution to this problem would be to hire and train more officers that speak more than one language. Along with racial profiling, officers face another issue within their police departments, which is corruption. While most officers take their vow to protect and to serve seriously, and honor the commitment they took, there are others who do not. Some officers fall prey to temptations such as bribery. The lower salary of a police officer is one reason for officers to accept bribes (Schmalleger, 2011)..Some police officers will take money as payment from an offender for making a speeding ticket disappear, or for walking away from a drug transaction in progress. Another form of corruption would be when an officer denies the suspect their constitutional right to due process by p lanting evidence at a crime scene. Other officers may commit offenses such as drinking while driving, and by using illegal drugs. Their idea that they are above prosecution, because they are a law enforcement officer, is another form of police corruption (Schmalleger, 2011). Corrupt behavior can also lead to violence when something goes wrong.Police officers also face the dangers of violence in the line of duty, as well as the risk of coming into contact with dangerous, or infected evidence (Schmalleger, 2011). For example, when an officer has to respond to a domestic violence incident, there is a real possibility of the perpetrator becoming violent with the officer as well. Officers also need to be cautious of how they handle infected evidence, such as the needles which are used by a known drug user, If a drug suspect has disease such as Aids, an officer can become infected with Aids if he does not handle the needle properly, and inadvertently sticks himself with the needle.They al so face the possibility of coming into contact with dangerous evidence, such as explosive devices. Issues such as these make the officer’s job extremely dangerous. Fortunately, local law enforcement officers have the benefit of a close working relationship with state and federal law enforcement agencies to assist their efforts in combatting crime. Law enforcement at every level share information with the United States Department of Homeland Security, to safeguard the land of the United States from criminal activity which may occur domestically or at the hands of another country.These agencies include The United States of Citizenship – The Immigration Services, The United States Border of Protection, The United States Immigration – The Customs Enforcement, The Federal Emergency Management Agency, The United States Secret Service, and The Transportation Security Administration. The United States of Citizenship and the Immigration Services handle the progression of citizenship, residency, and housing for foreigners.The United States of Custom and the Border Protection is a law enforcement method that puts in force United States borders including land, sea or even air. The United States Custom and the Border Protection watches and enforced the customs, agriculture regulations and immigrants. The United States Immigration and the Customs Enforcement were put into 2 areas. One was to have an investigation of international and national crimes which was called Homeland Security Investigation.The other one was to enforce the removals of immigrants that violate, which was called the Enforcement and Removal Operations. The Transportation Security Administration was known for taking care of the air travel security international and domestic. Also they were responsible for the territory and the water transport security (Department of Homeland Security, n. d. ). The United States Coast Guard was the services for safeguarding our natural resources, defen ding national, and security of maritime.The United States Secret Service is known as an law enforcement that gives safeguard services for vital government officers. The United States Service also protects the United States exchange. Some suggestions on to how to develop the relationship between the DHS the police department is by educating more law enforcement and home land officials about using security and the process about how to use it too. More suggestions will be improving communication by learning different ways to communicate by adding language programs or just hiring a more diverse officer.Another suggestion will be improving is on how well the private security and the law enforcement get along. This matter because this takes an important role in Department of Homeland Security. References Department of Homeland Security. (n. d. ). Homeland Security Information Network – Law Enforcement Mission. Retrieved from http://www. dhs. gov Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal jus tice today: An introductory text for the twenty- first century(11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Example It also assists local and state education organizations in advancing their statistical systems, and examine and report on educational activities in different nations. The main focus of this report is to look at gaps in educational participation and attainment between males and females of different races. This report is relevant to my research in that it will also examine children in poverty and minority groups and education. It asserts that postsecondary attendance rates are largely lower for students from various racial and ethnical groups and lower socioeconomic backgrounds in comparison to Asians and Whites. In 2010, as consistently since 1980, a limited number of male than female 18-24 year olds were either enrolled in graduate school or college. There is also a difference in postsecondary attainment for females and males. According to the report, in 2010, 21% of children under age 18 were living in poverty. The poverty rate for people who were non-white was higher than that of t he white population. This prevented the underprivileged population from accessing higher education (Ross & Kena 2012, p. 5). . College Student Alliance, 2011, Breaking barriers: a strategy for equal access to higher education, College Student Alliance. Retrieved from http://collegestudentalliance.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Breaking-Barriers.pdf This is a suitable academic resource because a large number of students from numerous groups are still under represented in colleges, universities, and other institutions of higher learning. According to this resource, students from various groups are not efficiently represented in higher institutions of education in Ontario. In line with the resource, enhancing access to higher education for the underrepresented groups is largely perceived to be necessary in establishing a more equitable society and to challenging in the increasingly knowledge based economy. The last ten years has witnessed a tremendous increase in research on people who are not pursuing higher education, reasons for not attending, and ways to promote their participation. People experience interplay between different complicated barriers. They may be motivational, informational, and financial barriers. Financial barriers comprise debt aversion in an aid system or lack of funds to pursue higher education. Informational barriers entail insufficient information regarding financial assistance, mainly, benefits, and costs. 80% of learners aged between 20 and 24 from households earning more than $100,000 pursue higher education and 60% of learners from households earning below $25,000 pursue higher education. Almost half of youth in the top income quarter attend university in comparison a quarter of the youth in the lower income quartile. Among the recommendations include, one, the Ontario government commit to have secondary school learners visit a campus as part of the curriculum. Two, the government should continue aiding early outreach as a way of acce ssing post-secondary education. Three, the government should set an objective for the education system to augment post-secondary participation rates (College Student Alliance 2011, p. 30). Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission, 2013, Higher education: the fair access challenge,